蜜桃传媒破解版下载

Banner image: A black-capped chickadee perches on a tree branch听in winter.听(Credit: Amanda Frank)

Hybrids of two common North American songbirds, the black-capped and mountain chickadee, are more likely to be found in places where humans have altered the landscape in some way, finds new 蜜桃传媒破解版下载 research.听

Published today in , it鈥檚 the first study to positively correlate hybridization in any species with landscape changes caused by humans, and the first to examine this relationship across an entire species鈥� range鈥攕panning almost all of western North America.听

The paper also contradicts a long-standing assumption that these two birds rarely hybridize, finding instead that black-capped and mountain chickadee hybrids (identified using genetic tools) occur across the United States and Canada.听

鈥淭hese are common birds. If you go anywhere in North America, you'll find a chickadee,鈥� said Kathryn Grabenstein, lead author on the study and postdoctoral associate in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. 鈥淎nd what we鈥檙e finding now is that if you see a chickadee in a place where both black-capped and mountain chickadees live, they鈥檙e probably at least a little bit of a hybrid chickadee.鈥澨�

Hybridization鈥攖he interbreeding of closely related species to produce mixed ancestry offspring鈥攊s common in the development of life on Earth and is thought to be especially important in the evolution of plants. This new analysis of songbirds adds to the growing body of evidence that hybridization is also quite relevant within vertebrate evolution.听

Human disturbance

What this study cannot say is why these chickadee hybrids are more common in places where humans have changed the landscape, but it is the first-of-its-kind to examine this correlation separate from climate change.

Climate change often changes the range of a species鈥攚here it lives, roams or migrates鈥攂ringing species into contact with one another that would not normally interact, which can lead to hybridization. In contrast, this study looked at two related species whose ranges already overlap and focused on the variable of human 鈥渄isturbance,鈥� such as building cities, clearing land, planting trees, creating reservoirs and noise pollution.

This way, the researchers could exclusively examine if changes to the physical structure of the environment affect the interactions between two species that are already in the same place.听

鈥淚t鈥檚 not bringing new species into contact with each other鈥攊t鈥檚 changing the rules of negotiation between them,鈥� said Grabenstein.听

For example: Here in the Front Range, what once was ponderosa pine savanna with deciduous trees along the rivers has been transformed into an urban forest. This shift isn鈥檛 necessarily good or bad, said Grabenstein, but the goal of the research is to help understand what these changes to the land and water by humans means for these species.听

鈥淲hat are the consequences of the ways we modify the landscape? We think about it mostly in terms of habitat loss, not necessarily in terms of species interaction modifications,鈥� said Scott Taylor, co-author on the study and associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology. 鈥淭his paper changes our understanding of this system incredibly.鈥澨�

10 years in the making

Previous published research by Grabenstein and Taylor found examples of various species hybridizing in the wake of humans disrupting their habitats, but they wanted to document a clear example of this occurring across a wide geographical range. Based on local observations of possible hybrid black-capped and mountain chickadees in several towns and cities across the West, they realized these two species would be good candidates for a study.听

Black-capped and mountain chickadees are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor over 2 million years ago, but they still overlap across many areas of the western U.S., including the Rocky Mountains. Black-capped chickadees have a black head, white edging on their wings and tend to be more buff- or cinnamon-colored on their sides. Mountain chickadees, in contrast, are grayer, have big white eyebrows and do not have white edging on their wings. Early generation hybrids often have a bit of both: thin white eyebrows, buff coloring on their sides and some white edging on their wings.听

To test their hypothesis about these birds, the researchers compiled observational data from eBird, an online birding site, and DNA samples from 196 black-capped and 213 mountain chickadees at 81 sites in North America, gathered over the past decade by co-authors Ken Otter of the University of Northern British Columbia and Theresa Burg of the University of Lethbridge. They found a positive, significant correlation between hybrids of these two species and areas where humans have disturbed their habitat in some form鈥攁s well as that black-capped chickadees are found more often in these disturbed areas than mountain chickadees.听

This study is also a positive sign for science. Sequencing the DNA of 409 birds is big study: Just a decade ago, a study of this size may not have been possible due to the large amount of time and money it would have required. As the price tag of DNA sequencing has dramatically dropped and running samples has become more efficient, these precise genomic tools have become more accessible to more researchers, allowing them to improve our understanding of how humans impact biodiversity at the genetic level.

The future of hybridization

This hybridization is unlikely to lead to the creation of a new chickadee species, however. Female hybrids from black-capped and mountain chickadee parents are likely to be sterile but can survive. Male hybrids with a parent from each species, however, can reproduce, and seem to do so predominantly with black-capped chickadees. 听

It makes studying hybridization like trying to hit a moving target, said Grabenstein, but there is still much to be learned from the genetic variation within different members of a species.听

This songbird research will also inform the local Boulder Chickadee Study, founded by Grabenstein and Taylor. Working with local landowners and municipalities where these birds live and nest, the researchers will continue to examine reasons why these birds are hybridizing.

But for now, there鈥檚 no need to remove bird feeders or bird boxes, said Grabenstein.听

鈥淚t's hard to say whether this hybridization is good or bad, but it's happening, and we will only understand the impacts through continued study,鈥� said Taylor, also director of 蜜桃传媒破解版下载 Mountain Research Station and a fellow at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR). 鈥淚t is certainly something to consider when thinking about the future of some of these birds that we're really familiar with in our backyards.鈥澨�